12
Geoffrey West, Scale: The Universal Laws of Growth, Innovation, Sustainability, and the Pace of Life in Organisms, Cities, Economies, and Companies (New York: Penguin Press, 2020).
13
R. England, "Natural Selection Before the Origin: Public Reactions of Some Naturalists to the DarwinWallace Papers," Journal of the History of Biology 30 (June 1997): 267–90, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1004287720654.
14
Matthew Cobb, The Egg and Sperm Race: The Seventeenth-Century Scientists Who Unlocked the Secret of Sex, Life and Growth (London: Simon & Schuster, 2007).
15
В настоящее время известно, что барьер Вейсмана не совершенен и клетки зародышевой линии также стареют и меняются под воздействием внешних факторов, только значительно медленнее. P. Monaghan and N. B. Metcalfe, "The Deteriorating Soma and the Indispensable Germline: Gamete Senescence and Offspring Fitness," Proceedings of the Royal Society B (Biological Sciences) 286, no. 1917 (December 18, 2019): art. 20192187, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2187.
16
T. Dobzhansky, "Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution," American Biology Teacher 35, no. 3 (March 1973): 125–29, https://doi.org/10.2307/4444260.
17
T. B. Kirkwood, "Understanding the Odd Science of Aging," Cell 120, no. 4 (February 25, 2005): 437–47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.01.027; T. Kirkwood and S. Melov, "On the Programmed/Non-Programmed Nature of Ageing Within the Life History," Current Biology 21 (September 27, 2011): R701–R707, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.07.020. Из этого правила, связанного с групповым отбором, есть некоторые исключения, но они относятся к весьма специфическим ситуациям и касаются обычно тех видов, у которых члены колонии генетически идентичны друг другу или почти идентичны, например у общественных насекомых. J. Maynard Smith, "Group Selection and Kin Selection," Nature 201 (March 14, 1964): 1145–47, https://doi.org/10.1038/2011145a0.
18
Виды, которые размножаются несколько раз в жизни, называются итеропарными, те же, что размножаются только однажды, – семепарными. См. T. P. Young, "Semelparity and Iteroparity," Nature Education Knowledge 3, no. 10 (2010): 2, https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/semelparity-and-iteroparity-13260334/.
19
Некоторые лососевые, например атлантический лосось (семга), могут совершать такое путешествие до трех раз за свою жизнь. – Прим. науч. ред.
20
N. W. Pirie, "John Burdon Sanderson Haldane, 1892–1964, " Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 12 (November 1966): 218–49, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.1966.0010; C. P. Blacker, "JBS Haldane on Eugenics," Eugenics Review 44, no. 3 October (1952): 146–51, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2973346/.
21
С двумя противоположными взглядами на идеи Фишера можно познакомиться в работе: A. Rutherford, "Race, Eugenics, and the Canceling of Great Scientists," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 175, no. 2 (June 2021): 448–52, https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24192; W. Bodmer et al., "The Outstanding Scientist, R. A. Fisher: His Views on Eugenics and Race," Heredity 126 (April 2021): 565–76, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41437–020–00394–6.
22
T. Flatt and L. Partridge, "Horizons in the Evolution of Aging," BMC Biology 16 (2018): art. 93, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915–018–0562-z.
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N. A. Mitchison, "Peter Brian Medawar, 28 February 1915–2 October 1987," Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 35 (March 1990): 281–301, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.1990.0013.
24
Kirkwood, "Understanding the Odd Science of Aging," 437–47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.01.027.
25
Flatt and Partridge, "Horizons," https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915–018–0562-z.
26
R. G. Westendorp and T. B. Kirkwood, "Human Longevity at the Cost of Reproductive Success," Nature 396 (December 24, 1998): 743–46, https://doi.org/10.1038/25519. См. также ответ на эту статью: D. E. Promislow, "Longevity and the Barren Aristocrat," Nature 396 (December 24, 1998): 719–20, https://doi.org/10.1038/25440.
27
G. C. Williams, "Pleiotropy, Natural Selection and the Evolution of Senescence," Evolution 11, no. 4 (December 1957): 398–411.
28
M. Lahdenperä, K. U. Mar, and V. Lummaa, "Reproductive Cessation and PostReproductive Lifespan in Asian Elephants and Pre-Industrial Humans," Frontiers in Zoology 11 (2014): art. 54, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983–014–0054–0.
29
J. G. Herndon et al., "Menopause Occurs Late in Life in the Captive Chimpanzee (Pan Troglodytes)," AGE 34 (October 2012): 1145–56, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357–011–9351–0.
30
K. Hawkes, "Grandmothers and the Evolution of Human Longevity," American Journal of Human Biology 15, no. 3 (May/June 2003): 380–400, https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.10156; P. S. Kim, J. S. McQueen, and K. Hawkes, "Why Does Women's Fertility End in Mid-Life? Grandmothering and Age at Last Birth," Journal of Theoretical Biology 461 (January 14, 2019): 84–91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.10.035.
31
D. P. Croft et al., "Reproductive Conflict and the Evolution of Menopause in Killer Whales," Current Biology 27, no. 2 (January 23, 2017): 298–304, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.015.
32
Эту идею мне подсказала Труди Маккей, директор Центра генетики человека из Клемсонского университета (штат Южная Каролина).
33
Steven Austad, Methuselah's Zoo: What Nature Can Teach Us about Living Longer, Healthier Lives (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2022), 258–59.
34
R. K. Mortimer and J. R. Johnston, "Life Span of Individual Yeast Cells," Nature 183, no. 4677 (June 20, 1959): 1751–52, https://doi.org/10.1038/1831751a0; E. J. Stewart et al., "Aging and Death in an Organism That Reproduces by Morphologically Symmetric Division." PLoS Biology 3, no. 2 (February 2005): e45, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030045.
35
T. C. Bosch, "Why Polyps Regenerate and We Don't: Towards a Cellular and Molecular Framework for Hydra Regeneration," Developmental Biology 303, no. 2 (March 15, 2007): 421–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.12.012.
36
R. Murad et al., "Coordinated Gene Expression and Chromatin Regulation During Hydra Head Regeneration," Genome Biology and Evolution 13, no. 12 (December 2021): evab221, https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evab221; см. также: популярное изложение этой работы и сведений о гидре: Corryn Wetzel, "How Tiny, 'Immortal' Hydras Regrow Their Lost Heads," сайт Смитсоновского института https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/were-closer-to-understanding-how-immortal-hydras-regrow-lost-heads-180979209/, дата последнего изменения 13.12.2021.
37
Y. Matsumoto and M. P. Miglietta, "Cellular Reprogramming and Immortality: Expression Profiling Reveals Putative Genes Involved in Turritopsis dohrnii's Life Cycle Reversal," Genome Biology and Evolution 13, no. 7 (July 2021): evab136, https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evab136; M. Pascual-Torner et al., "Comparative Genomics of Mortal and Immortal Cnidarians Unveils Novel Keys Behind Rejuvenation," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) of the United States of America 119, no. 36 (September 6, 2022): e2118763119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2118763119; см. также популярную статью Вероник Гринвуд: Veronique Greenwood, "This Jellyfish Can Live Forever. Its Genes May Tell Us How," New York Times online, September 6, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/06/science/immortal-jellyfish-gene-protein.html.
38
West, Scale. Здесь можно найти многие выводы, касающиеся связей между продолжительностью жизни, размером и скоростью метаболизма.
39
Формула закона Клайбера: q0